独裁者

1936年，電影開始有了聲音。爾後不僅聲音，連彩色影片也開發出來。但喜劇大師卓別林還是調皮地完成他不向彩色與聲音輕易妥協的經典之作《摩登時代》。這部電影諷刺的正是工業主義的機械化、非人性。卓別林破天荒地在片中「發聲」，但在該片中唯一一場讓卓別林出聲的表演，卻讓他唱了一首夾雜各種語言的嘲弄歌曲，一方面他沒有真的「說話」，二方面這也正好譏笑了語言之於電影的侷限與無用。四年後，卓別林正式推出了他第一部「說話talk」的影片<<大獨裁者>> (1940年)。本文章試圖探究卓別林在<<大獨裁者>>一片裡，藉由聲音形塑於角色(或觀者)身上的種種形象。

1.
建立在聲音，語言上的恐懼與轉化

在<<大獨裁者>>中一人分飾獨裁者Hynkal(以下稱H)與猶太理髮師(以下稱B)的卓別林，除了在H發聲的時候以其獨斷，堅決，具有壓迫性的聲調處理其聲音特色，並佐以B說話的溫吞傻氣讓觀者逐漸混淆兩者雖共享有”同一軀體”，卻又非同一個人的感受。
而在一小時又一分零五秒。一場在猶太區，B與其猶太女友被街上的擴音器追著跑的一場戲，獨裁者H佐著沒有意義只有語氣情緒的聲音從麥克風傳來，B只能被嚇得躲進桶子與門縫邊。但這樣被聲音所驚嚇的情節，其實早在另一位德國導演佛列茲朗1933的作品<<馬布斯博士的遺囑>>中，片中角色(或者觀眾)也曾就著布幕後那神秘的發聲體給出的恐懼所操弄。

2.
劇中的兩場演講-聲音帶出的恐懼絕望，當然還有希望與對未來的想像!

首先是影片在開始十五分鐘左右獨裁者H的那場演講，背景輔以一個看不見的女聲口白翻譯，那柔和的，可被清楚辨識意義的語言卻更突顯著H無比嚴肅，壓迫人的講演語調。而在<<卓別林的表演藝術>>一書中提到過該場演講，並評斷卓別林加諸H口中為無意義語言，個人是不盡同意此論點的，因為H的演講中仍有清晰可辨識的某些語言，例如那些重複出現的語調Jüdin ，在史蒂芬史匹柏的戰爭片<<搶救雷恩大兵>>中，也曾經出現猶太籍的美國士兵抓著德國戰俘，口中念著Jüdin(猶太人)，Jüdin展示自己身份的情節。
而理髮師B最後陰錯陽差地(或卓別林事先安排好)成為獨裁者H而上台的演講，鏡頭裡群集突出的一隻隻麥克風消失了，我們只看的見一個切掉半身的身軀(既是野蠻粗暴的Hynkal, 也是溫文儒雅的猶太理髮師，更是卓別林身為一猶太籍移民身分作者)，以一種相對於獨裁者H片頭的那場激昂的，訴諸於煽動情緒的語調，反而以一種柔順，相對理性的闡述赤裸地要求一種人道關懷精神。
這兩相對比，讓我不禁回想起本文章先前提到的那場B在街上被H的麥克風聲音追著跑的一場戲，H在B買獨裁政權胸章的時候，麥克風傳來H的聲音，之後緊接著鏡頭溶接Hynkle說話的臉孔，再溶接回理髮師B。
而就在這樣的聲音與臉孔的印記貼合中，我們隱隱得知，原來卓別林早在電影進行中便有計畫的揭示那兩者”軀體再合而為一”的即將到來。

I'm sorry but I don't want to be an Emperor - that's not my business - I don't want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone if possible, Jew, gentile, black man, white. We all want to help one another, human beings are like that.
We want to live by each other's happiness, not by each other's misery. We don't want to hate and despise one another. In this world there is room for everyone and the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone.
The way of life can be free and beautiful.
But we have lost the way.
Greed has poisoned men's souls - has barricaded the world with hate; has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed.
We have developed speed but we have shut ourselves in: machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge has made us cynical, our cleverness hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little: More than machinery we need humanity; More than cleverness we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost.
The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness
in men, cries out for universal brotherhood for the unity of us all. Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world, millions of despairing men, women and little children, victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me I say Do not despair. The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed, the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress: the hate of men will pass and dictators die, and the power they took from the people, will return to the people and so long as men die, liberty will never perish...
Soldiers - don't give yourselves to brutes, men who despise you, enslave you - who regiment your lives, tell you what to
do, what to think and what to feel, who drill you, diet you, treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder!
Don't give yourselves to these unnatural men, machine men, with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have the love of humanity in your hearts. You don't hate - only the unloved hate - the unloved and the unnatural. Soldiers - don't fight for slavery, fight for liberty!
In the seventeenth chapter of Saint Luke it is written the kingdom of God is within man - not one man, nor a group of men - but in all men - in you! You the people have the power, the power to create machines, the power to create happiness! You the people have the power to make this life free and beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure! Then in the name of democracy let us use that power - let us all unite!!! Let us fight for a new world, a decent world that will give men a
chance to work, that will give you the future and old age and security. By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to
power, but they lie! They do not fulfil their promise, they never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people! Now let us fight to fulfil that promise! Let us fight to free the world, to do away with national barriers, to do away with greed, with hate and intolerance! Let us fight for a world of reason, a world where science and progress will lead to all men's happiness.
Soldiers - in the name of democracy, let us all unite!!!
[Speech by Charlie (Charles) Chaplin (1889-1977) from The Great Dictator movie (1940)]

===========================================
我想要帮助每一个人，犹太人，非犹太人，黑人，白人。我们要彼此帮助。人类就应该那样。我们要幸福的生活，而不是悲惨的。我们不要彼此憎恨。
在这个世界中，地球家园富有的，它能养育每个人。生活可以是自由且美丽的。但是我们迷路了。贪婪毒害了人的灵魂，并用憎恨阻隔了世界，一步步让我们走向血腥。我们的发展越来越快了，但是又在封闭我们自己。工业时代只留给我们欲望。我们的只是让我们愤世嫉俗，我们的聪明让我们冷酷无情。我们考虑的太多，感知的太少。除了机器，我们更需要人性；除了聪明，我们更需要仁慈和温顺。没有这些品质，生活将充满暴力，一切将不复存在......
飞机和收音机让我们靠得更近，这些发明呼唤人类的仁慈，呼唤全世界的手足情意，让我们团结在一起。现在，我的声音传向四面八方，被数以百万的绝望的男人，女人和孩子听到，被那些在暴政制度下苦苦煎熬的受难者和蒙冤入狱的无辜者听到。那些听到我言辞的人们，不要绝望！凌驾于我们之上的悲惨只不过是短暂的贪婪，只不过是那些害怕人类进步的人的痛苦而已。人的憎恨将会过去，独裁者终将死去，被他们夺走的权力将会回到人民的手
中。只要人们活下去，自由将会无法毁灭。
军人，不要给那些畜生们效命，那些轻视你们，奴役你们的畜生，他们操纵你们的生命，告诉你该想什么，感觉什么，他们操练你们，把你们当牛一样，把你们当炮灰用。不对把你们自己送给这些人，这些像机器一样的人。你们不是机器，你们不是牛，你们是人！你们的心中有着人性的爱。不要憎恨，只有那些没有爱和没有天性的人才憎恨。士兵们，不要为奴役而战斗要为自由而战斗！圣路加说“上帝的王国就是在人类里面。”不在一个人也不在一群人之中，而是在所有的人之中，在你们之中！你们有力量制造机器，有力量去制造快乐。你们有力量去制造自由和美丽的生活，去把生活变成一种美好的体验。以民主的名义，让我们使用这种力量。让我们联合起来，让我们为创造一个新的世界而斗争，这个世界，将会给人们一个工作的机会将会给年轻人带来财富，将给老年人带来保障。答应这些事物，那些畜生们答应过的事情。但是他们撒谎！他们没有实现，那个诺言，他们从不会！独裁者使他们自己自由，但却奴役别人。现在，让我们为实现那个诺言而斗争吧！让我们为了自由的世界而斗争，为了废除国家的障碍而斗争，为了驱除贪婪，憎恨和不宽容而斗争，让我们为一个公正世界而斗争

此片结尾的演说Fight For Liberty（为自由而战斗）是公认的卓别林一生中最精彩的演说。长达7分钟的演说更被Timo Tolkki选进其专辑<<Hymn To Life>>的同名歌曲"Hymn To Life."
　　Fight For Liberty（The Final Speech of “the Great Dictator”）
　　为自由而战斗（《大独裁者》结尾演讲词）
　　"I'm sorry, but I don't want to be an emperor. That's not my business. I don't want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone if possible - Jew, Gentile - black man - white.
　　遗憾得很，我并不想当皇帝，那不是我干的行当。我既不想统治任何人，也不想征服任何人。如果可能的话，我倒挺想帮助所有的人，不论是犹太人还是非犹太人，是黑种人还是白种人。
　　We all want to help one another. Human beings are like that. We want to live by each other's happiness - not by each other's misery. We don't want to hate and despise one another. In this world there's room for everyone and the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone.
　　我们都要互相帮助。做人就是应当如此。我们要把生活建筑在别人的幸福上，而不是建筑在别人的痛苦上。我们不要彼此仇恨，互相鄙视。这个世界上有足够的地方让所有的人生活。大地是富饶的，是可以使每一个人都丰衣足食的。
　　The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way. Greed has poisoned men's souls - has barricaded the world with hate - has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed. We have developed speed, but we have shut ourselves in. Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge has made us cynical; our cleverness, hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little. More than machinery we need humanity. More than cleverness, we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost.
　　生活的道路可以是自由的，美丽的，只可惜我们迷失了方向。贪婪毒化了人的灵魂，在全世界筑起仇恨的壁垒，强迫我们踏着正步走向苦难，进行屠杀。我们发展了速度，但是我们隔离了自己。机器是应当创造财富的，但它们反而给我们带来了穷困。我们有了知识，反而看破一切；我们学得聪明乖巧了，反而变得冷酷无情了。我们头脑用得太多了，感情用得太少了。我们更需要的不是机器，而是人性。我们更需要的不是聪明乖巧，而是仁慈温情。缺少了这些东西，人生就会变得凶暴，一切也都完了。
　　The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in man - cries for universal brotherhood - for the unity of us all. Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world - millions of despairing men, women, and little children - victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me, I say: 'Do not despair.' The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed - the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress. The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish.
　　飞机和无线电缩短了我们之间的距离。这些东西的性质，本身就是为了发挥人类的优良品质；要求全世界的人彼此友爱，要求我们大家互相团结。现在的世界上就有千百万人彼此友爱，要求我们大家互相团结。现在的世界上就有千百万人听到我的声音——千百万失望的男人、女人、小孩——他们都是一个制度下的受害者，这个制度使人们受尽折磨，把无辜者投入监狱。我要向那些听得见我讲话的人说：“不要绝望呀。”我们现在受到苦难，这只是因为那些害怕人类进步的人在即将消逝之前发泄他们的怨毒，满足他们的贪婪。这些人的仇恨会消逝的，独裁者会死亡的，他们从人民那里夺去的权力会重新回到人民手中的。只要我们不怕死，自由是永远不会消失的。
　　Soldiers! Don't give yourselves to brutes - men who despise you and enslave you - who regiment your lives - tell you what to do - what to think and what to feel! Who drill you - diet you - treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder. Don't give yourselves to these unnatural men - machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have the love of humanity in your hearts. You don't hate, only the unloved hate - the unloved and the unnatural!
　　战士们！你们别为那些野兽去卖命呀——他们鄙视你们——奴役你们——他们统治你们——吩咐你们应该做什么——应当想什么，应该怀抱什么样的感情！他们强迫你们去操练，限定你们的伙食——把你们当牲口，用你们当炮灰。你们别去受这些丧失了理性的人摆布了——他们都是一伙机器人，长的是机器人的脑袋，有的是机器人的心肝！可是你们不是机器！你们是人！你们心里有着人类的爱！不要仇恨呀！只有那些得不到爱护的人才仇恨——那些得不到爱护和丧失了理性的人才仇恨！
　　Soldiers! Don't fight for slavery! Fight for liberty! In the seventeenth chapter of St Luke, it is written the kingdom of God is within man not one man nor a group of men, but in all men! In you! You, the people, have the power - the power to create machines. The power to create happiness! You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful - to make this life a wonderful adventure. Then in the name of democracy - let us use that power - let us all unite. Let us fight for a new world - a decent world that will give men a chance to work - that will give youth a future and old age a security.
　　战士们！不要为奴役而战斗！要为自由而战斗！《路加福音》第十七章里写着，神的国就在人的心里——不是在一个人或者一群人的心里，而是在所有人的心里！在你们的心里！你们人民有力量——有创造机器的力量。有创造幸福的力量！你们人民有力量建立起自己美好的生活——使生活富有意义。那么——为了民主——就让我们进行战斗，建设一个新的世界——一
　　个美好的世界，它将使每一个人都有工作的机会——它将使青年人都有光明的前途，老年人都过安定的生活。
　　By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie! They do not fulfil that promise. They never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people. Now let us fight to fulfil that promise! Let us fight to free the world - to do away with national barriers - to do away with greed, with hate and intolerance. Let us fight for a world of reason - a world where science and progress will lead to all men's happiness. Soldiers, in the name of democracy, let us unite!
　　那些野兽也就是用这些诺言窃取了权力。但是，他们是说谎！他们从来不去履行他们的诺言。他们永远不会履行他们的诺言！独裁者自己享有自由，但是他们使人民沦为奴隶。现在，就让我们进行斗争，为了解放全世界，为了消除国家的壁垒，为了消除贪婪、仇恨、顽固。让我们进行斗争，为了建立一个理智的世界——在那个世界上，科学与进步将使我们所有人获得幸福。战士们，为了民主，让我们团结在一起！
　　Hannah, can you hear me? Wherever you are, look up Hannah. The clouds are lifting! The sun is breaking through! We are coming out of the darkness into the light. We are coming into a new world - a kindlier world, where men will rise above their hate, their greed and their brutality. Look up, Hannah! The soul of man has been given wings and at last he is beginning to fly. He is flying into the rainbow - into the light of hope, into the future, the glorious future that belongs to you, to me, and to all of us. Look up, Hannah... look up!"
　　哈娜，你听见我在说什么吗？不管这会儿在哪里，你抬起头来看看呀！抬起头来看呀，哈娜！乌云正在消散！阳光照射出来！我们正在离开黑暗，进入光明！我们正在进入一个新的世界——一个更可爱的世界，那里的人将克服他们的贪婪，他们的仇恨，他们的残忍。抬起头来看呀，哈娜！人的灵魂已经长了翅膀，他们终于要振翅飞翔了。他们飞到了虹霓里——飞到了希望的光辉里。抬起头来看呀，哈娜！抬起头来看呀！

看完卓别林大神的第一部有声电影《大独裁者》，内心久久不能平静，特别是结尾那七分钟的演讲说出了大师在默片中一直想表达的一切，大师的早期作品大部分都是以小人物的故事来反应社会的现状，比如《流浪汉》《狗的生活》《摩登时代》等经典电影。又有像《从军记》那般通过战争军人的生活，来表达对于世界和平的追求，对于自由的向往。以前的作品都是以大师的幽默浮夸的动作来表达，而《大独裁者》是真正从大师口中说内向一直想要的梦想，这或许是电影世上最伟大的演讲吧！又或许是最伟大的一刻，大师庄严的把自己一生中最想表达的东西在七分钟都宣泄出来，这不仅仅是大师一个人的梦想，也是那个时代每个人的梦想。没有战争，世界和平。
        《大独裁者》这部电影是大师和妻子宝玲一起拍摄的，当时为了拍摄这部电影，差点弄的自己倾家荡产，况且拍摄这电影时希特勒还没有死，德国还是在二战占有绝对上分的国家。不得不佩服大师能在这种环境下拍摄一部这么伟大的电影，发表一段这么精彩的演讲。你的演讲打动了我们，你的表演征服了我们，你的电影陪伴了我们，我还能说什么呢！伟大如卓别林。
      卓别林七分钟演讲：
"I'm sorry, but I don't want to be an emperor. That's not my business. I don't want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone if possible - Jew, Gentile - black man - white.
　　遗憾得很，我并不想当皇帝，那不是我干的行当。我既不想统治任何人，也不想征服任何人。如果可能的话，我倒挺想帮助所有的人，不论是犹太人还是非犹太人，是黑种人还是白种人。
　　We all want to help one another. Human beings are like that. We want to live by each other's happiness - not by each other's misery. We don't want to hate and despise one another. In this world there's room for everyone and the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone.
　　我们都要互相帮助。做人就是应当如此。我们要把生活建筑在别人的幸福上，而不是建筑在别人的痛苦上。我们不要彼此仇恨，互相鄙视。这个世界上有足够的地方让所有的人生活。大地是富饶的，是可以使每一个人都丰衣足食的。
　　The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way. Greed has poisoned men's souls - has barricaded the world with hate - has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed. We have developed speed, but we have shut ourselves in. Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge has made us cynical; our cleverness, hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little. More than machinery we need humanity. More than cleverness, we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost.
　　生活的道路可以是自由的，美丽的，只可惜我们迷失了方向。贪婪毒化了人的灵魂，在全世界筑起仇恨的壁垒，强迫我们踏着正步走向苦难，进行屠杀。我们发展了速度，但是我们隔离了自己。机器是应当创造财富的，但它们反而给我们带来了穷困。我们有了知识，反而看破一切；我们学得聪明乖巧了，反而变得冷酷无情了。我们头脑用得太多了，感情用得太少了。我们更需要的不是机器，而是人性。我们更需要的不是聪明乖巧，而是仁慈温情。缺少了这些东西，人生就会变得凶暴，一切也都完了。
　　The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in man - cries for universal brotherhood - for the unity of us all. Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world - millions of despairing men, women, and little children - victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me, I say: 'Do not despair.' The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed - the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress. The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish.
　　飞机和无线电缩短了我们之间的距离。这些东西的性质，本身就是为了发挥人类的优良品质；要求全世界的人彼此友爱，要求我们大家互相团结。现在的世界上就有千百万人彼此友爱，要求我们大家互相团结。现在的世界上就有千百万人听到我的声音——千百万失望的男人、女人、小孩——他们都是一个制度下的受害者，这个制度使人们受尽折磨，把无辜者投入监狱。我要向那些听得见我讲话的人说：“不要绝望呀。”我们现在受到苦难，这只是因为那些害怕人类进步的人在即将消逝之前发泄他们的怨毒，满足他们的贪婪。这些人的仇恨会消逝的，独裁者会死亡的，他们从人民那里夺去的权力会重新回到人民手中的。只要我们不怕死，自由是永远不会消失的。
　　Soldiers! Don't give yourselves to brutes - men who despise you and enslave you - who regiment your lives - tell you what to do - what to think and what to feel! Who drill you - diet you - treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder. Don't give yourselves to these unnatural men - machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have the love of humanity in your hearts. You don't hate, only the unloved hate - the unloved and the unnatural!
　　战士们！你们别为那些野兽去卖命呀——他们鄙视你们——奴役你们——他们统治你们——吩咐你们应该做什么——应当想什么，应该怀抱什么样的感情！他们强迫你们去操练，限定你们的伙食——把你们当牲口，用你们当炮灰。你们别去受这些丧失了理性的人摆布了——他们都是一伙机器人，长的是机器人的脑袋，有的是机器人的心肝！可是你们不是机器！你们是人！你们心里有着人类的爱！不要仇恨呀！只有那些得不到爱护的人才仇恨——那些得不到爱护和丧失了理性的人才仇恨！
　　Soldiers! Don't fight for slavery! Fight for liberty! In the seventeenth chapter of St Luke, it is written the kingdom of God is within man not one man nor a group of men, but in all men! In you! You, the people, have the power - the power to create machines. The power to create happiness! You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful - to make this life a wonderful adventure. Then in the name of democracy - let us use that power - let us all unite. Let us fight for a new world - a decent world that will give men a chance to work - that will give youth a future and old age a security.
　　战士们！不要为奴役而战斗！要为自由而战斗！《路加福音》第十七章里写着，神的国就在人的心里——不是在一个人或者一群人的心里，而是在所有人的心里！在你们的心里！你们人民有力量——有创造机器的力量。有创造幸福的力量！你们人民有力量建立起自己美好的生活——使生活富有意义。那么——为了民主——就让我们进行战斗，建设一个新的世界——一
　　个美好的世界，它将使每一个人都有工作的机会——它将使青年人都有光明的前途，老年人都过安定的生活。
　　By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie! They do not fulfil that promise. They never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people. Now let us fight to fulfil that promise! Let us fight to free the world - to do away with national barriers - to do away with greed, with hate and intolerance. Let us fight for a world of reason - a world where science and progress will lead to all men's happiness. Soldiers, in the name of democracy, let us unite!
　　那些野兽也就是用这些诺言窃取了权力。但是，他们是说谎！他们从来不去履行他们的诺言。他们永远不会履行他们的诺言！独裁者自己享有自由，但是他们使人民沦为奴隶。现在，就让我们进行斗争，为了解放全世界，为了消除国家的壁垒，为了消除贪婪、仇恨、顽固。让我们进行斗争，为了建立一个理智的世界——在那个世界上，科学与进步将使我们所有人获得幸福。战士们，为了民主，让我们团结在一起！
　　Hannah, can you hear me? Wherever you are, look up Hannah. The clouds are lifting! The sun is breaking through! We are coming out of the darkness into the light. We are coming into a new world - a kindlier world, where men will rise above their hate, their greed and their brutality. Look up, Hannah! The soul of man has been given wings and at last he is beginning to fly. He is flying into the rainbow - into the light of hope, into the future, the glorious future that belongs to you, to me, and to all of us. Look up, Hannah... look up!"
　　哈娜，你听见我在说什么吗？不管这会儿在哪里，你抬起头来看看呀！抬起头来看呀，哈娜！乌云正在消散！阳光照射出来！我们正在离开黑暗，进入光明！我们正在进入一个新的世界——一个更可爱的世界，那里的人将克服他们的贪婪，他们的仇恨，他们的残忍。抬起头来看呀，哈娜！人的灵魂已经长了翅膀，他们终于要振翅飞翔了。他们飞到了虹霓里——飞到了希望的光辉里。抬起头来看呀，哈娜！抬起头来看呀！
  致敬 ——影帝
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